In the production of pharmaceuticals, eight different types of water are used: non-potable, potable/drinking water, purified water, water for injection (WFI), sterile water for injection, sterile water for inhalation, bacteriostatic water for injection, and sterile water for irrigation. To make medicinal items, WFI and purified water are used. Reverse osmosis and/or deionized beds are used […]

Ion exchange resins are insoluble matrix including exchangeable ions. They are good choices as catalysts, especially in the esterification process. Esterification can be considered as one of the most important organic synthesis processes in petrochemical industry. This kind of esters is applicable to produce adhesives, films, aromatic materials, fibers, and plastics.